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Ignatius Philosophy to See and See Again

Spanish Catholic priest and theologian (1491–1556)

Saint

Ignatius of Loyola


Due south.J.
Ignatius Loyola.jpg

Ignatius of Loyola, bearding 16th-c.
Priest, Confessor, Founder of the Social club of Jesus
Born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola
(1491-10-23)23 Oct 1491
Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Crown of Castile
Died 31 July 1556(1556-07-31) (aged 64)
Rome, Papal States
Venerated in
  • Catholic Church building
  • Anglican Communion[1]
Beatified 27 July 1609, Rome, Papal States by Pope Paul V
Canonized 12 March 1622, Rome, Papal States by Pope Gregory 15
Feast 31 July
Attributes Sacerdotal vestments, cassock, ferraiolo, biretta, holding a book with "Advertizement maiorem Dei gloriam" inscription, trampling on a heretic, IHS Christogram, crucifix, and a rosary
Patronage
  • Society of Jesus
  • Diocese of San Sebastián, Kingdom of spain
  • Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
  • Basque Country
  • Military Ordinariate of the Philippines
  • Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
  • Ateneo de Davao Academy, Davao City, Philippines
  • Ateneo de Naga Academy, Naga City, Philippines
  • Ateneo de Zamboanga Academy, Zamboanga City, Philippines
  • Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
  • Sulat, Eastern Samar, Philippines
  • Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  • Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Archdiocese of Baltimore, United states
  • Diocese of Antwerp, Belgium
  • Loyola Academy Maryland, U.s.
  • Rome, Italy
Major works Ignatian spirituality

Ignatius of Loyola, S.J. (born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius de Loyola; c.  23 October 1491 [2] – 31 July 1556), venerated every bit Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Cosmic priest and theologian, who, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, founded the religious lodge of the Social club of Jesus (The Jesuits), and became the first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, in Paris, in 1541.[3] He envisioned the purpose of the Social club of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching. Unlike members of other religious orders in the church who accept the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty, members of the society, Jesuits, also take a quaternary vow of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff.[four] Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation.[five]

As a former soldier, Ignatius paid detail attention to the spiritual germination of his recruits and recorded his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, the method has go known equally Ignatian spirituality.

Ignatius of Loyola was beatified in 1609 and canonized saint, on 12 March 1622. His feast twenty-four hour period is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay every bit well every bit of the Gild of Jesus. He was declared patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius Xi in 1922.

Early life [edit]

Ignatius of Loyola was built-in Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola in the castle at Loyola, in the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Espana.[vi] His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the pocket-size nobility,[vii] from the clan of Loyola, involved in the Basque war of the bands. Their manor firm was demolished on the orders of the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo'southward paternal grandfather beingness expelled to Andalusia by Henry Iv.[eight] Íñigo was the youngest of their xiii children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, had soldiered in forces commanded past Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, but died fighting in the Italian Wars (1494–1559).[9]

He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña, Abbot of Oña; the name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My little one".[vi] [x] It is non clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal proper noun "Íñigo".[eleven] Historian Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change his name, but rather adopted a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, for use in France and Italy where it was better understood.[12] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque hamlet of Loyola where he was born.[xiii]

Soon later the nativity of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal intendance fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith.[fourteen] In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the manor, took his new wife to alive in the castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-former boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo's pilus cut as a tonsure.[9]

Military career [edit]

Ignatius in his armour, in a 16th-century painting

Saint Ignatius of Loyola's Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta by Domenichino[15]

Instead, Íñigo became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile. During his fourth dimension in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling, the pursuit of the immature ladies, and duelling.[9] Íñigo was slap-up on military exercises and was driven by a desire for fame. He patterned his life after the stories of El Cid, the knights of Camelot, The Song of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry.[16]

He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger at his waist".[17] [ folio needed ] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution for violent crimes committed with his priest blood brother at funfair fourth dimension."[18]

In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera. His diplomacy and leadership qualities earned him the championship "servant of the court", and made him very useful to the Duke.[nineteen] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury. However at the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the fortress of Pamplona, and a missive ricocheting off a nearby wall shattered his right leg.[twenty] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics, he underwent several surgical operations to repair the leg, with his bones set and rebroken. In the stop, the operations left his right leg shorter than the other. He would limp for the remainder of his life, with his military career over.[eighteen]

Religious conversion and visions [edit]

While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious life. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked for the romances of knightly, his favourite reading, simply there were none in the castle, and instead his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Christ and of the saints.[6] [21]

The religious work which nearly particularly struck him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.[22] This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. Information technology too inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader identify himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This blazon of meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises.[23] [24] [25]

Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was however wandering off in his heed virtually what "he would do in service to his male monarch and in honour of the royal lady he was in love with". Charily he came to realize the subsequently-effect of both kinds of his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, just, the saintly dream ended with much joy and peace. It was the first fourth dimension he learned near discernment.[18]

After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved to brainstorm a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to "kiss the world where our Lord had walked",[18] and to practice stricter penances.[26] He thought that his plan was confirmed past a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.[26] In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat. There, he carefully examined his past sins, confessed, gave his fine apparel to the poor he met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword and dagger at the Virgin's altar during an overnight vigil at the shrine.[6]

From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby boondocks of Manresa (Catalonia), where he lived for almost a yr, begging for his go along, and and so somewhen doing chores at a local hospital in commutation for food and lodging. For several months he spent much of his fourth dimension praying in a cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism, praying for seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises.[27]

Íñigo as well experienced a serial of visions in total daylight while at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared every bit "a form in the air about him and this course gave him much alleviation considering information technology was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the shape of a ophidian and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and alleviation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished he became disconsolate".[28] He came to interpret this vision every bit diabolical in nature.[29]

Period of studies [edit]

In September 1523, Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Holy Country with the aim of settling there. He remained in that location from 3 to 23 September but was sent dorsum to Europe by the Franciscans.[thirty]

He returned to Barcelona and at the age of thirty-iii attended a free public grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went on to the University of Alcalá,[31] where he studied theology and Latin from 1524 to 1534.[ citation needed ]

There he encountered a number of devout women who had been called before the Inquisition. These women were considered alumbrados – a grouping linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these devout women began to feel ecstatic states. "One roughshod senseless, another sometimes rolled most on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a caste in theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation past the Inquisition, but was later released.[32]

Following these risky activities, Íñigo (past this time, he had changed his name to Ignatius, probably to arrive more acceptable to other Europeans) [12] adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque hamlet of Loyola where he was built-in.[thirteen] moved to French republic to written report at the Academy of Paris. He attended first the austere Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to written report for a master'southward caste.[33]

He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to flee France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him vi companions, all of them fellow students at the university.[34] They were the Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão Rodrigues, the Basque, Francis Xavier, and Peter Faber, a Savoyard, the latter 2 becoming his starting time companions,[xviii] and his closest associates in the foundation of the hereafter Jesuit gild.[ citation needed ]

"On the morning time of the 15th of August, 1534, in the chapel of church of Saint Peter, at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom just one was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work."[35]

Ignatius gained a Magisterium from the Academy of Paris at the age of twoscore-three in 1535. In later life he would often be called "Principal Ignatius" because of this.[35]

Foundation of the Jesuit order [edit]

In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved in 1540 past Pope Paul III. He was chosen equally the first Superior General of the gild and invested with the championship of "Male parent General" by the Jesuits.[13]

Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega, and then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed a good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel with him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily. Equally a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina, which proved a success, and so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.[36] In a letter of the alphabet to Francis Xavier earlier his difference to Bharat in 1541, Ignatius famously used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", pregnant, "Get, set the globe on burn down", a phrase used in the Jesuit guild to this day.[37]

With the help of his personal secretarial assistant, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised system of the order,[38] [39] and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde air-conditioning cadaver – "as if a dead body",[xl] significant that a Jesuit should be as emptied of ego as is a corpse.[41] However the overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater glory of God").[ citation needed ]

  • Ignatius as Superior Full general

Expiry and canonization [edit]

Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the "Roman Fever", a severe variant of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval history. An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and float stones, a probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life.[42] [ page needed ] His trunk was dressed in his priestly robes and placed in a wooden coffin and cached in the crypt of the Maria della Strada Church on ane August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the Church building of the Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin.[43]

Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V on 27 July 1609, and canonized past Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622.[44] His feast day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day he died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers, the Military Ordinariate of the Philippines, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore,[45] in his native Basque Country, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.

Legacy [edit]

Numerous institutions beyond the earth are named for him, including many educational institutions and Ateneo institutions in the Philippines.

In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was the first university in the United States to bear his name.

In 1949 he was the subject of a Castilian biographical film Loyola, the Soldier Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius.[ commendation needed ]

In 2016, he was the field of study of a Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola, in which he was portrayed past Andreas Muñoz.[46]

Ignatius of Loyola is remembered in the Church of England with a celebration on 31 July.[47]

Genealogy [edit]

Original shield of Oñaz-Loyola.

Shield of Oñaz-Loyola [edit]

The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of Ignatius family'due south Oñaz lineage, and is used past many Jesuit institutions around the world. As the official colours of the Loyola family are maroon and gold,[48] the Oñaz shield consists of seven maroon confined going diagonally from the upper left to the lower correct on a goldfield. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola shield features a pair of rampant gray wolves flanking each side of a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while the entire design represented the family'southward generosity towards their military machine followers. According to fable, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined equally a result of the intermarriage of the ii families in 1261.[49] [50] Former coat of arms of the Argentine urban center, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield under the Dominicus of May and surrounded by laurel wreath.

Lineage [edit]

Villoslada established the following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:[two]

Lineage
García López de Oñaz
Lope de Oñaz
López García de Oñaz Inés, dame of
Loyola (~1261)
Inés de Oñaz y Loyola
(~end of the 13th century)		 Juan Pérez
Juan Pérez
Gil López de Oñaz 5 other brothers
(run across – battle of Beotibar)
Beltrán Yáñez
(el Ibáñez) de Loyola		 Ochanda Martínez de
Leete from Azpeitia
Lope García
de Lazcano		 Sancha Ibáñez
de Loyola
Sancha Pérez de Iraeta
(+1473)		 Juan Pérez de Loyola Maria Beltranche Elvira Emilia Juanecha
Don Beltrán Yáñez
(vel Ibáñez)
de Oñaz y Loyola
(~ 1507)		 Doña Marina Sáenz
(vel Sánchez) de Licona
Sancha Ibáñez
de Loyola		 Magdalena de Araoz Ochoa Pérez
de Loyola		 Pero López
de Oñaz
y Loyola		 Juaniza
(vel Joaneiza)
de Loyola		 Maria Beltrán de Loyola Juan Pérez de Loyola
Juan Beltrán
de Loyola		 Beltrán de Loyola Hernando de Loyola Magdalena de Loyola Petronila de Loyola Iñigo López de Loyola
Notes:

Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier and Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba, is likely Ignatius'south nephew.[51]

Gallery [edit]

  • Tomb of Saint Ignatius, c. 1675

  • Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius

  • The journeys of Ignatius of Loyola at different times

Bibliography [edit]

  • The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius, TAN Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-153-v
  • Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3
  • Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN978-0-385-02436-five.
  • Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267. For data on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in A Pilgrim'southward Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola Folio eleven-12.
  • Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). John Olin (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN0-8232-1480-Ten.

See too [edit]

  • List of Jesuits
  • Marie-Madeleine d'Houët foundress of the Sisters, Faithful Companions of Jesus
  • Martín Ignacio de Loyola
  • The Cave of Saint Ignatius, a sanctuary built where Ignatius of Loyola reflected for 11 months in a grotto, in Manresa.
  • Isabella Roser and Isabel de Josa, wealthy Catalan women who were Loyola's benefactors from the 1520s onwards.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Holy Men and Holy Women" (PDF). Churchofengland.org.
  2. ^ a b García Villoslada, Ricardo (1986). San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía (in Spanish). La Editorial Católica. ISBN84-220-1267-7. We deduce that, (...), Iñigo de Loyola should have been built-in before 23 October 1491.
  3. ^ Idígoras Tellechea, José Ignacio (1994). "When was he built-in? His nurse's business relationship". Ignatius of Loyola: The Pilgrim Saint . Chicago: Loyola Academy Press. p. 45. ISBN0-8294-0779-0.
  4. ^ Ignatius of Loyola (1970). The Constitutions of the Gild of Jesus. Translated past Ganss, George East. Establish of Jesuit Sources. p. 249 [No. 529]. ISBN9780912422206. The entire meaning of this quaternary vow of obedience to the pope was and is in regard to the missions ... this obedience is treated: in everything which the sovereign pontiff commands.
  5. ^ Nugent, Donald (1974). Ecumenism in the Age of the Reformation: The Colloquy of Poissy. Harvard University Press. p. 189. ISBN0-674-23725-0.
  6. ^ a b c d John Hungerford Pollen (1913). "St. Ignatius Loyola". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Cosmic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Visitor. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
  7. ^ Purcell, Mary (1965). The First Jesuit. U.s.a.: Image Books edition. p. 22.
  8. ^ Orella, Jose Luis (2013). "TERRITORIO Y SOCIEDAD EN LA GIPUZKOA MEDIEVAL: LOS PARIENTES MAYORES" (PDF). Lurralde: Investigación y espacio. 36: 100–101. ISSN 0211-5891.
  9. ^ a b c Brodrick SJ, James. Saint Ignatius Loyola: The Pilgrim Years, New York. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1956, p. 28
  10. ^ "Nombres: Eneko". Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language). Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2009. Article in Spanish
  11. ^ Verd, Gabriel María (1976). "El "Íñigo" de San Ignacio de Loyola". Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu (in Castilian). Roma: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. 45: 95–128. ISSN 0037-8887.
  12. ^ a b Verd, Gabriel María (1991). "De Iñigo a Ignacio. El cambio de nombre en San Ignacio de Loyola". Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu (in Spanish). Roma: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. 60: 113–160. ISSN 0037-8887. That St. Ignatius of Loyola'southward name was changed is a known fact, only information technology cannot be said that it is widely known in the historiography of the saint — neither the characteristics of the names Iñigo and Ignacio nor the reasons for the change. It is first necessary to make clear the pregnant of the names; they are distinct, despite the persistently held opinion in onomastic (dictionaries) and popular thought. In Spain Ignacio and Iñigo are at times used interchangeably just as if they were Jacobo and Jaime. With reference to the name Iñigo, information technology is fitting to give some essential notions to eliminate ambiguities and help understand what follows. This proper name first appears on the Ascoli brome (dated November 18, ninety BC), in a list of Spanish knights belonging to a Turma salluitana or Saragossan. Information technology speaks of Elandus Enneces f[ilius], and according to Menéndez Pidal, the last «s» is the «z» of Spanish patronymics and could be nothing other than Elando Iñiguez. It is an bequeathed Hispanic proper noun. Ignacio, on the other manus, is a Latin name. In classical Latin, in that location is Egnatius with an initial East. It appears only twice with an initial I (Ignatius) in the sixty volumes of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. This late Latin and Greek form prevailed. In the classical period, Egnatius was used equally a nomen (gentilitial name) and not as a praenomen (showtime name) or cognomen (surname), except in very rare cases. (...) The most important conclusion, mayhap unexpected, but not unknown, is that St. Ignatius did not change his name. That is to say, he did non intend to alter it. What he did was to adopt for France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his ain, and which was more acceptable among foreigners.... If he had remained in Spain, he would have, without doubt, remained Iñigo.
  13. ^ a b c "Saint Ignatius of Loyola: Biography, Patron Saint Of, Banquet Day, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  14. ^ Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint; W.W Meissner South.J. M.D., Yale Academy Press, 1992. p. ix.
  15. ^ "Saint Ignatius of Loyola'south Vision of Christ and God the Male parent at La Storta". lacma.org. Los Angeles Canton Museum of Art (LACMA). xxx November 2016.
  16. ^ Ironically, the Song of Roland has Roland slain past Moors, when historically his death was at the hands of Basques like Íñigo himself.
  17. ^ Richard Cohen (5 August 2003). By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions. Modern Library Paperbacks.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Traub, S.J., George and Mooney, Ph.D., Debra. A Biography of St. Ignatius Loyola, Xavier University". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  19. ^ In Spanish the championship was "Gentilhombre", but this should not be understood every bit synonymous with the English language term gentleman, which denotes a man of good family. See Thomas Rochford, championship=St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and man of prayer who founded the Society of Jesus "St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and human being of prayer who founded the Order of Jesus", accessed 15 November 2007.]
  20. ^ Mariani, Antonio. "The Life of St. Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits". Thomas Richardson. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  21. ^ Dyckman, Katherine; Garvin; Liebert (2001). The Spiritual Exercises Reclaimed: Uncovering Liberating Possibilities for Women. Mahwah, New Bailiwick of jersey: Paulist Press. p. 30. ISBN9780809140435.
  22. ^ De Vita Christi is a commentary on the Gospels, using extracts from the works of over sixty Church Fathers, and particularly quoting from St Gregory the Great, St Basil, St Augustine and the Venerable Bede. This work took Ludolph forty years to consummate.
  23. ^ Sr Mary Immaculate Bodenstedt, "The Vita Christi of Ludolphus the Carthusian", a Dissertation, Washington: Cosmic University of America Printing 1944 British Library Catalogue No. Ac2692.y/29.(16).
  24. ^ "The Vita Christi" by Charles Abbot Conway Analecta Cartusiana 34
  25. ^ "Ludolph's Life of Christ" by Father Henry James Coleridge in The Calendar month Vol. 17 (New Series Six) July–Dec 1872, pp. 337–370
  26. ^ a b Margo J. Heydt; Sarah J. Melcher (May 2008). "Mary, the Subconscious Catalyst: Reflections from an Ignatian Pilgrimage to Spain and Rome". Xavier University. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017.
  27. ^ "The Cave an artistic heritage". The Cave. Place of pilgrimage and worship . Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  28. ^ Jean Lacouture, Jesuits, A Multibiography, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995, p. eighteen.
  29. ^ Demski, Eric (2014). Living past the Sword. Bloomington, Indiana: Trafford Publishing. p. 289. ISBN978-1-490-73607-5.
  30. ^ Twelve years later, continuing earlier the Pope with his companions, Ignatius again proposed sending his companions as emissaries to Jerusalem. Jean Lacouture, Jesuits, A Multibiography, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995, p. 24.
  31. ^ That is, the nowadays-day Complutense Academy of Madrid, not the newer University of Alcalá established in 1977.
  32. ^ Jesuits, A Multibiography past Jean Lacouture, pp. 27–29, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995.
  33. ^ O'Malley, John (1993). The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 28-29.
  34. ^ Michael Servetus Research Archived 11 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Website that includes graphical documents in the University of Paris of: Ignations of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Alfonso Salmerón, Nicholas Bobadilla, Peter Faber and Simao Rodrigues, as well equally Michael de Villanueva ("Servetus")
  35. ^ a b History of The World by John Clarke Ridpath, Vol. V, pp. 238, New York: Merrill & Baker, 1899
  36. ^ J.H. Pollen (1913). "History of the Jesuits Before the 1773 Suppression". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  37. ^ Manney, James (2 May 2018). "Go Set the World on Burn". Ignatian Spirituality . Retrieved 18 Apr 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  38. ^ Ignatius of Loyola (1970). The constitutions of the society of Jesus. Translated past Ganss, George East. Institute of Jesuit Sources. p. 249. ISBN9780912422206. Carried and directed by Divine Providence through the bureau of the superior equally if he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to any place and to exist treated in whatsoever manner desired.
  39. ^ Painter, F. V. N. (1903). A History of Educational activity. International Education Serial. Vol. ii. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 167.
  40. ^ Jesuitas (1583). "SEXTA PARS – CAP. 1". Constitutiones Societatis Iesu: cum earum declarationibus (in Latin).
  41. ^ Ignatius of Loyola (1970). The constitutions of the society of Jesus. Translated past George E. Ganss. Institute of Jesuit Sources. p. 249. ISBN9780912422206. Carried and directed by Divine Providence through the bureau of the superior as if he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to whatsoever place and to be treated in any manner desired.
  42. ^ Siraisi, Nancy G. (2001). Medicine and the Italian Universities: 1250-1600. BRILL. ISBN9004119426.
  43. ^ Martin, Malachi (28 May 2013). Jesuits. Simon and Schuster. pp. 169–170. ISBN9781476751887 . Retrieved xi March 2018.
  44. ^ de Pablo, José (28 February 2017). "Canonization of St Ignatius of Loyola and St Francis Xavier". Jesuit Briefing of European Provincials . Retrieved x March 2018.
  45. ^ "Welcome to the Archdiocese of Baltimore". Archdiocese of Baltimore. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved thirteen October 2012.
  46. ^ Tantiangco, Aya (twenty July 2016). "PHL picture show 'Ignacio de Loyola' not simply for the religious, say director and star". GMA Network (company). Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  47. ^ "The Agenda". The Church of England . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Manresa Iconography – Manresa House of Retreats, Convent, LA". Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  49. ^ "Loyola Crests – Loyola High School, Montreal, Quebec, Canada". Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  50. ^ "Saint Ignatius' College Riverview". www.riverview.nsw.edu.au.
  51. ^ Barros Arana, Diego (2000) [1884]. Historia General de Chile (in Castilian). Vol. III (ii ed.). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria. p. 177. ISBN956-11-1535-two.

Further reading [edit]

  • Bartoli, Daniello (1855). History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus. New York: Edward Dunigan and Brother.
  • Caraman, Philip (1990). Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits' . San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN978-0062501301.
  • August Derleth, St. Ignatius and the Company of Jesus, Vision Books, 1956. LCCN 56-7278
  • Foss, Michael (1969). The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540. Turning Points in History Series. London: Hamilton. ISBN0-241-01513-8.
  • García Villoslada, Ricardo (1986). San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía (in Spanish). La Editorial Católica. ISBN84-220-1267-7.
  • Meissner, William (1992). Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-06079-3.
  • O'Malley, John Due west. (1993). The First Jesuits. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-30312-1.
  • Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola, TAN Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-89555-345-4.
  • St. Ignatius of Loyola, TAN Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-89555-624-0.

External links [edit]

  • 3D model of the St Ignatius sculpture of Santa Clara University (California), on Arskan SiloData
  • Works by Ignatius of Loyola at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Ignatius of Loyola at Net Archive
  • Works by Ignatius of Loyola at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • "St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor", Butler'south Lives of the Saints
  • The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Translation by Elder Mullan, S.J.
  • Letters of Saint Ignatius of Loyola
  • "Contemplation to Attain Love", by Ignatius of Loyola
  • Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
  • Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square
  • The Book of Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Founder of the Jesuit Monastic Order in Arabic, dating from 1773
Catholic Church titles
New function Superior Full general of the Gild of Jesus
1540–1556 		Succeeded past

Diego Laynez

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola